The paper presents profitability of farms, which owners gained alternative incomes running ostrich and fallow deers breeding. Particular attention was paid to indicators creating profitability of assets and own capital. The survey proved differencies in profitability of own capital according to production direction. Farm with fallow deers breeding achieved better profitability of own capital. Moreover, the value of fixed assets and current assets in these farms was higher in comparison to ostrich farms. The owners of surveyed farms improved the process of own capital management. Most of them used own capital in agricultural activity.

Paper is describing the role of public sector especially the local government and institution and local organization - LAG’s, The author analyzed the experiences of Leader project in EU and shows that the initiative is an efficient method of involving local communities in the process of co-deciding and implementation of a strategies for the development of rural areas. The initiative is an important way to the revitalization and transformation of the Polish village. Local Action Groups (LAGs) are made up of public and private partners from the rural territory, and must include representatives from different socio-economic sectors. They receive financial assistance to implement local development strategies, by awarding grants to local projects. They are selected by the managing authority of the Member State, which is either a national, regional or local, private or public body responsible for the management of the programme. Is very important that each development plan must be structured around one of themes: the use of know-how and new technologies to make the products and services of rural areas more competitive, improving the quality of life in rural areas and adding value to local products, in particular by facilitating access to markets for small production units via collective actions and making the best use of natural and cultural resources.

The aim of the paper was to identify determinants of economic activity of rural inhabitants in Poland. The research conducted in 2006 was done in 1000 rural household from 24 poviats in the whole country. Analyses of 2581 adult members of researched households was made in order to elaborate a model identifying influence of particular socio-economic variables on probability of economic inactivity among rural inhabitants. The most popular causes of economic inactivity were a lack of hope for finding a job and after that family matters, especially care for children. The set of factors which influence on probability of unemployment consists of: inhabited macro-region, sex, age, position in a family, occupation and additional qualifications as well as living in a household with a farm or without a farm. The statistical influence of them was confirmed in the estimated logistic regression model of economic inactivity.

Genetically modified food is a subject of many discussions nowadays. The respondents feel anxious for new food because they lack general knowledge on the subject and also they have no information of the possible effect of this food on human organism and health. This kind of food belongs to the category of novel food created as an scientists and producers answers for contemporary consumers needs and preferences. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the opinions and expectations of respondents from Mazovia region concerning the acceptance, availability and possibilities of introducing genetically modified food into the Polish market. An investigation was performed during the period January - March 2008. It included 735 respondents aged over 18 years. Empirical research in the form of questionnaires with a high degree of standardization confirmed a negative attitude of consumers towards genetically modified food. If food of that type was available on the market in the future, then the consumers would make decision concerning its purchase, however, under the condition that it would have many new traits not found in traditional food. Such food should be characterized by decreased caloricity, higher content of vitamins and mineral components and also a lower price as compared with traditional food.

The aim of the paper is to analyze and present some selected issues of poultry production in Libya. There were presented technological as well as economic factors that cause poultry production is very important. Poultry production in Libya is conditioned by feeding process, selection of chicks and veterinary health care. Feeding process is a very important factor upon which production efficiency depends. It infl uences not only the quantity of poultry production but also the quality of it. Poultry breeding process depends on the quality of veterinary health care for chicks (breading material) and feed processing.

A classical efficiency ratios analysis indicates that particular companies vary in levels of partial parameters. A special role in evaluation of company’s financial efficiency is played by return on equity. The financial efficiency analysis was conducted according to the accepted research methods with use of a zero unitarization method. A complex performance indicator was calculated. The highest values were characteristic for companies of the smallest scale of operation, next there were entities of a medium scale of operation. The lowest values of the complex performance indicator were noted in companies operating on more than 500 ha of farmlands in Poland. It is worth to indicate that if the value of the aggregated indicator is closer to one, then company’s operation is more similar to an assumed model characterized with the highest level of efficiency in all researched areas.

The goal of this article is to present transfrontier insurance services as a tendency of unified European market development. Development of transfrontier services in insurance sector is connected with the common insurance market creating. Borders crossing of insurance services is connected with freedom of human capital flow or with freedom of services. It is one of the fields of European financial market integration. Homogeneous market of insurance services works on the rule of harmonization of legal acts concerning minimal requirements in scope of: unified insurance license, supervision by the country where insurance company is based, freedom of establishment in both insurance sectors, technical reserves requirements according to total institution’s assets, annual and consolidated reports requirements. Introducing reforms in European law and national laws helps to reveal insurance services in EU countries. The number of foreign insurants which will to operate basing on the freedom of services in Poland after EU accession in 2004 increased almost three times. In 2007 number of notifications gained 425 where 410 were from EU. In the meantime insurance companies seated in Poland engage more and more in transfrontier activity.

In the article findings were described, led in 2009 in manufacturing companies registered in Warsaw, in using the image for construction of client capital, as the element of the intellectual capital of the company. In the course of analyses of literature they acknowledged that the image, as the effect of marketing activities could influence on creating and holding the relation with customers. It next, lets for treating customers, as the essential store of the name, and setting the value enables customers as client capital. As a result of the questionnaire survey and analyses of obtained statistical data in companies they acknowledged that employees of companies were convinced about positive images of companies, in which they are working and about the fact that companies have good relations with customers. However studied firms don’t apply tools of administering client capital and they don’t treat the knowledge about customers and the wisdom of customers, as a store of organizational knowledge.

The aim of this paper is to present the ecological product and the possibilities of its development in the process of ecological marketing. Ecological marketing is a modern concept of social marketing, which takes into consideration the three subjects of the exchange process, i.e. the producer, the consumer and the society as a whole. The individual research was conducted among the owners or executives of the food-processing plants (an individual and direct interview). The researchers described and evaluated et. al the target market of the companies, the exploited sources of information concerning the consumers, the assortment, the factors deciding about the launching of new products and product strategies. The researched entrepreneurs are able to define accurately the target market and their choice of the information sources is appropriate. The straight majority of the companies are very innovative, which is being constantly proven by the launching of new products. The majority of the companies conduct consumer research randomly, which may be less beneficial for these companies in the future.

The objective of this article is to present the theoretical role of social capital (analyzing its positive aspect only) as endogen resources of local, rural community in view of the development of tourism in rural areas. The analyses were based on the literature on the said issues and then verified by means of the case study method (commune of Wijewo, commune of Kobyla Góra). A map of social capital in the communes of the province of Wielkopolska was drawn up using the method of the development pattern of Z. Hellwig (on the basis of the available statistical data) in order to determine the importance of human resources as a factor of the development of tourism in rural areas, this was followed by an attempt to determine the tourism function of rural areas (Baretje-Defert index of tourist function).and a hypothetical ponderings giving rise to conclusions on the synergy of the analyzed phenomena. The obtained results allowed to determine not only the social capital of the communities in the analyzed administrative units in general but also allowed for the examination of two different types of human activities making up two different types of societies. The analysis, carried out in this article, shows that the development of the tourism function is only possible in those rural areas where the inhabitants and the administrative bodies can so manage the resources they have at their disposal that, via cooperation and mutual trust, they can meet individual and collective objectives within informal networks and non-governmental organizations, increasing access of all the inhabitants of the commune to respective resources. Thus, the more coherent and diversified the offered product, the more complementary the services rendered by respective inhabitants, the greater the chance for successful development of tourism. The article poses a hypothesis that not only the social capital affect the development of tourism in rural areas but also the development of the tourism functions positively affects the social capital.

The main aim of the article was the reference to current phenomenon connected with gainful emigration on the territory of Wadowice poviat in relation to situation from interwar period in XX century. Territory range and sample selection (province inhabitants) included the strongest and the smallest emigration dependent on its kinds in this period. The research had comparative character. Historical materials contained information about, seasonal trips, seasonal emigration abroad, and overseas emigration in interwar period on this territory constituted the point the way out. With a view to diagnosing discussed phenomenon on researched territory researches with inhabitants by means of interview technique with questionnaire have been conducted.

Article discusses the issues of partnerships and their role in management of regional development and rural space; partnership must be taken into account as one of the acting bodies in regional interests. Partnerships are expected to be the perspective forms of the subjects that may remarkably support regional development in the regional management. Opinions of the selected group of regional acting bodies (small and medium size enterprises) in two Slovak regions on the relevant issues are also presented in the paper. Results showed that the relationship of SMEs to partnership is different. In Trenčí n region is a greater willingness to form partnerships, as well as willingness to work actively. In contrast Prešov region is willing to enter into partnerships lower, activity in the partnership is also lower. This proves a different perception of partnerships in different regions of Slovakia.

Wide activities in a field of public relations (PR), including building of desirable image, creates possibilities to build its additional value and make it distinct in a group of competitors. That is why management of image in contemporary dynamic, and as someone states turbulent, conditions becomes substantially important. Management of image becomes especially important for service companies, which products consist of a chain of services provided by different indirect links, because activities of particular links influence on final perception of a firm. Management of company’s image consists of two types of activities: taken up in internal environment and taken up in external environment.

This paper presents the idea of the Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) and the experience of Polish organizations in its implementation. The author shows how, the benefits of implementation, but also examines the barriers and difficulties in its start-up. In the EU register of EMAS (as of 19.12.2008) there were 4256 organizations and over 6740 objects. In comparison to Germany (1419 organization), Spain (1033 organizations), or Italy (939 organizations), and even Czech (33 organizations), in the EMAS register is only 16 organizations and 25 objects from Poland. Among the organizations registered with the Polish company predominantly large companies with the lack of the SME sector. The largest concentration of EMAS systems implemented in terms of 1 million inhabitants is present in Austria (32 organizations), Denmark and Germany (17 organizations), Italy (16 organizations). Our country is only 0.42 organizations. Research shows that this system in Poland is still not known, therefore the promotion of its implementation in the organization, is an objective article. Polish society and policy-makers must understand, for sustainable development is essential to the life of humans, living organisms are not exacerbated, and at the same time, the economy developed. These objectives can be achieved through the implementation of EMAS.

Turbulent environment forces the organizations to search for new ways to cope with increasing competition. Most of the companies realized that to survive it is essential to orient their activities to the needs and desires of customers and, more than ever attention, watch the competitors. Analysis of competitors, however, does not serve to compare them in order to provide customers with value at a higher level or at a lower cost, but primarily aims at the creation of value, which competitors do not provide to customers. One such method, presented in this paper, is to create innovations in the field of value. In relation to marketing activities is to create a cohesive, difficult to copy a set of marketing - mix tools, which was the value for the customer, the cost for the customer, convenience, communication and staff. Analysis of the various elements of marketing - mix, in the context of activities intended to create innovation in the field of value, was conducted in relation to public universities in Poland. The results of studies, conducted among students of the Faculty of Management University of Podlasie (UP) were presented. With regard to value for the customer, UP students recognized such elements of value innovation as: e - books, MBA, flexible study, the number of departments and modern trends of teaching. The cost for the customer maintenance cost of living (in the case of stationary studies), and tuition fees (in the case of part time studies). Location, occupational base, e-learning and multimedia lectures for students of UP were elements of convenience for the customer. Foreign exchange, the prestige of the university (transformation into a university) and the quality of Web pages can be considered as components of communication with the client.

The paper presents review of a book by Jadwiga Adamczyk, titled: Social responsibility of enterprises. Theory and practice.