In the paper a relationship between approximate value of seepage coefficient of low permeable elements in flood embankment and other flow characteristics was analyzed. A two dimensional mathematical model of water flow through earth embankment was used. Variability of seepage coefficient was described by exponential distribution function. It is proven that total flow through aquifer, drainage inflow, maximum flow vector, decrease of free surface on impermeable screen and piezometric head in aquifer depends on deviation of assumed exponential distribution. The areas where flow parameters are strongly depends on assumed seepage coefficient were described.

The frost action in soils, in cold regions practically impossible to eliminate, and the complex structure of the soil medium determine a complicated nature of the problem. This problem still remains unclear for many reasons. First of all, the results presented in literature are partially incomparable. Such parameters of the experiments as the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the value of negative temperatures, the duration of freezing and thawing in each cycle and, of course, properties of soils used as the material, were different in all cases. Besides, the very important thing is to distinguish between the experiments carried in close and open systems. The latter, allowing the free water to be drawn upward from the water table to the freezing zone, better imitates the natural conditions. There are no evidences to what extent the cyclic freezing and thawing modify the microstructure and the pore-size distribution. This article presents the results of the significance of the impact of cyclic freezing-thawing and freezing the type of system to changes in the distribution of pores for the selected soils using multivariate analysis of variance. On the basis of quantitative analysis of SEM photographs, the analysis of pore-size distribution in selected representative samples of fives unfrozen cohesive soils subjected to one cycle of freezing in the open and closed systems. For comparative purposes, defined by two parameters characterizing the pore distribution curves obtained KDP: inequality of distribution index (β) and similarity index of pore-size distribution curves (ε).

The paper presents the results of certain physical properties and water permeability of the composite carrier layer and sand drainage layer football field Wisla Krakow three years after the renovation done in 2004, according to DIN 18 035. Grain size, specific density, volume density, permeability and permeability coefficient was determined by standard methods. The results were compared with those prescribed in norm. Demonstrated the role of the composite for water permeability football field. Results of research can be used in the construction or renovation of sports fields and sports facilities with natural grass, performing functions appropriate for dynamic games and sporting events – including non- urban areas.

The aim of this study was to analyze the formation of relative humidity in the bathroom in the prefabricated reinforced concrete building during washing in the sink, a bath under the shower or in bathtub, laundry in a washing machine and drying clothes. Air relative humidity was evaluated with using the microclimate meter MM-01 with the set of probes suspended in a half of room’s height. The tested hygrometric index rose the most (that is, up to 26%) during a bath under the shower and amounted 63.3%. This value, however, did not exceed the limit of 70%, which is conducive to reproduce difficult to eliminate molds.

In the paper various functions and forms of balconies, comprising loggias, French windows and bays are presented. Balconies played initially a defensive role, so as city walls and watch towers, from these the guard could see the all town. Balconies appear in the housing architecture since Middle Ages, then they are to be found in Renaissance and Baroque. Their form is developing especially in the Art Nouveau time. Today balconies are a frontage decoration, they animate facades and create their appearance by chiaroscuro (light and shade) effects. Balconies exist in palaces as galleries, in Catholic churches they are a place for choir and organ, and in Protestant churches balconies are designed for people. Having in view construction and material, balconies underwent transformations along with the development of building technics. There exist stone and wooden balconies, stepwise in course of years cast iron, structural steel and at last ferroconcret were used.