In the Carpathians, groundwater fluctuations and spring discharges are subjected to monitoring. The monitoring has been carried out by Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute (PGI-NRI) from 1989 until present and by Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW) from the 1960s until 2000. Currently (as of 2014) monitoring records, which are performed under the tasks of the Polish Hydrogeologic Survey, are taken in 88 study posts which comprise 49 wells, 35 springs and 4 dug-wells. In many posts, multi-year, cyclic (ca. 20-years) changes in spring discharges and groundwater fluctuations are observed. Results of the observed changes in groundwater level, formed the basis for identifying hydrogeologic cycles associated with changes in subsurface retention.

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